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Label of a router with MAC addresses for and modules A media access control address ( MAC address) of a device is a assigned to a (NIC) for communications at the of a network segment. MAC addresses are used as a for most network technologies, including,. In this context, MAC addresses are used in the protocol sublayer. A MAC may be referred to as the burned-in address ( BIA). It may also be known as an Ethernet hardware address ( EHA), hardware address or physical address (not to be confused with a ). A may have multiple NICs and each NIC must have a unique MAC address. Sophisticated such as a or may require one or more permanently assigned MAC addresses.

MAC addresses are most often assigned by the manufacturer of a NIC and are stored in its hardware, such as the card's or some other mechanism. A MAC address may include the manufacturer's (OUI). MAC addresses are formed according to the rules of one of three numbering name spaces managed by the (IEEE): EUI-48 (it replaces the obsolete term MAC-48) and EUI-64. EUI is an abbreviation for Extended Unique Identifier. Diagram showing the structure of a MAC-48 network address, explicitly showing the positions of the / bit and the OUI/local address type bit.

The original MAC address comes from the original Ethernet addressing scheme. This address space contains potentially 2 48 or 281,474,976,710,656 possible MAC addresses. The manages allocation of MAC addresses, originally known as MAC-48 and which it now refers to as EUI-48 identifiers. The IEEE has a target lifetime of 100 years (until 2080) for applications using EUI-48 space and restricts applications accordingly. The IEEE encourages adoption of the more plentiful EUI-64 for non-Ethernet applications.

This is achieved using the MAC. To encrypt application data SSH typically uses either AES in counter mode or in CBC mode. Neither of these modes of operation provides protection against tampering of the ciphertext. Thus they need to be accompanied with a MAC in order to detect this. VC701SI Packet Counter for Mac OS X (hereinafter referred to as this software) is an offline utility software for VC701SI operating on a PowerBook computer. The MAC-move counter notification generates a syslog message when the number of MAC moves in a VLAN exceeds the maximum limit. The maximum limit is 1000 MAC moves. The MAC-move counter syslog notification counts the number of times a MAC has moved within a VLAN and the number of these instances that have occurred in the system.

The distinction between EUI-48 and MAC-48 identifiers is purely nominal: MAC-48 was used to address hardware interfaces within existing 802-based networking applications; EUI-48 is also used to identify other devices and software, for example. The IEEE now considers the label MAC-48 to be an obsolete term. EUI-48 should be used for this purpose. In addition, the EUI-64 numbering system encompasses both MAC-48 and EUI-48 identifiers by a simple translation mechanism, but now it is deprecated. To convert a MAC-48 into an EUI-64, copy the (OUI), append the two FF-FF (though now as MAC-48 is deprecated, FF-FF will never be used) and then copy the organization-specified extension identifier. To convert an EUI-48 into an EUI-64, the same process is used, but the sequence inserted is FF-FE.

In both cases, the process can be trivially reversed when necessary. Organizations issuing EUI-64s are cautioned against issuing identifiers that could be confused with these forms. — one of the most prominent standards that uses a Modified EUI-64 — treats MAC-48 as EUI-48 instead (as it is chosen from the same address pool) and toggles the U/L bit (as this makes it easier to type locally assigned IPv6 addresses based on the Modified EUI-64). This results in extending MAC addresses (such as IEEE 802 MAC address) to Modified EUI-64 using only FF-FE (and never FF-FF) and with the U/L bit inverted.

An is an inactive registry activity which has been replaced by the MA-S (MA-S was previously named ) registry product as of January 1, 2014. The IAB uses a OUI from MA-L (MA-L registry was previously named OUI registry, the term OUI is still in use, but not for calling a registry ) belonging to the IEEE Registration Authority, concatenated with 12 additional IEEE-provided bits (for a total of 36 bits), leaving only 12 bits for the IAB owner to assign to their (up to 4096) individual devices. An IAB is ideal for organizations requiring not more than 4096 unique 48-bit numbers (EUI-48). Unlike an OUI, which allows the assignee to assign values in various different number spaces (for example, EUI-48, EUI-64, and the various context-dependent identifier number spaces), the Individual Address Block could only be used to assign EUI-48 identifiers. All other potential uses based on the OUI from which the IABs are allocated are reserved, and remain the property of the IEEE Registration Authority. It should also be noted that, between 2007 and September 2012, the OUI value 00:50:C2 was used for IAB assignments.

After September 2012, the value 40:D8:55 was used. The owners of an already assigned IAB may continue to use the assignment. There is another registry which is called MA-M (MAC Addresses - Medium). The MA-M assignment block provides both 2 20 EUI-48 identifiers and 2 36 EUI-64 identifiers (that means first 28 bits are IEEE assigned bits). The first 24-bits of the assigned MA-M block are an OUI assigned to IEEE that will not be reassigned. Universal vs.

Local Addresses can either be universally administered addresses (UAA) or locally administered addresses (LAA). A universally administered address is uniquely assigned to a device by its manufacturer. The first three octets (in transmission order) identify the organization that issued the identifier and are known as the (OUI). The remainder of the address (three octets for EUI-48 or five for EUI-64) are assigned by that organization in nearly any manner they please, subject to the constraint of uniqueness.

A locally administered address is assigned to a device by a network administrator, overriding the burned-in address. Universally administered and locally administered addresses are distinguished by setting the second- of the first octet of the address. This bit is also referred to as the U/L bit, short for Universal/Local, which identifies how the address is administered. If the bit is 0, the address is universally administered. If it is 1, the address is locally administered.

In the example address 06-00-00-00-00-00 the first octet is 06 (hex), the binary form of which is 00000110, where the second-least-significant bit is 1. Therefore, it is a locally administered address.

Another example that uses locally administered addresses is the protocol. The MAC address of the Ethernet interface is changed by the DECnet software to be AA-00-04-00-XX-YY where XX-YY reflects the DECnet network address xx.yy of the host. This eliminates the need for an address resolution protocol since the MAC address for any DECnet host can be simply determined. Multicast When the least significant bit of an address's first octet is 0 (zero), the is meant to reach only one receiving. This type of transmission is called. A unicast frame is transmitted to all nodes within the. In a modern wired setting the collision domain usually is the length of the Ethernet cable between two network cards.

In a wireless setting, the collision domain is all receivers that can detect a given wireless signal. If a does not know which port leads to a given MAC address, the switch will forward a unicast frame to all of its ports (except the originating port), an action known as. Only the node with the matching hardware MAC address will accept the frame; network frames with non-matching MAC-addresses are ignored, unless the device is in.

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If the least significant bit of the first octet is set to 1, the frame will still be sent only once; however, NICs will choose to accept it based on criteria other than the matching of a MAC address: for example, based on a configurable list of accepted multicast MAC addresses. This is called addressing. The IEEE has built in several special address types to allow more than one to be addressed at one time:.

Packets sent to the, all one bits, are received by all stations on a local area network. In the broadcast address would be FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.

A broadcast frame is and is forwarded to and accepted by all other nodes. Packets sent to a are received by all stations on a LAN that have been configured to receive packets sent to that address. Functional addresses identify one or more Token Ring NICs that provide a particular service, defined in. These are all examples of group addresses, as opposed to individual addresses; the least significant bit of the first octet of a MAC address distinguishes individual addresses from group addresses.

That bit is set to 0 in individual addresses and set to 1 in group addresses. Group addresses, like individual addresses, can be universally administered or locally administered. Applications. This section possibly contains. Please by the claims made and adding. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2017) The following network technologies use the EUI-48 identifier format:.

Ethernet. wireless networks. IEEE 802.5. most other IEEE 802 networks.

(FDDI). (ATM), switched virtual connections only, as part of an. and (as part of a ).

The standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1 gigabit/s) using existing home wiring (, phone lines and ). The G.hn Application Protocol Convergence (APC) layer accepts Ethernet frames that use the EUI-48 format and encapsulates them into G.hn Service Data Units (MSDUs). Every device that connects to an IEEE 802 network (such as Ethernet and WiFi) has a EUI-48 address. Common networked consumer devices such as PCs, smartphones and tablet computers use EUI-48 addresses. EUI-64 identifiers are used in:. (FireWire).

(Modified EUI-64 as the least-significant 64 bits of a unicast network address or link-local address when stateless autoconfiguration is used). / / wireless personal-area networks Usage in hosts On broadcast networks, such as Ethernet, the MAC address is expected to uniquely identify each on that segment and allows frames to be marked for specific hosts. It thus forms the basis of most of the (OSI ) networking upon which upper layer protocols rely to produce complex, functioning networks. Although intended to be a permanent and globally unique identification, it is possible to change the MAC address on most modern hardware. Changing MAC addresses is necessary in. It can also be used in the process of exploiting security vulnerabilities.

This is called. In networks, the MAC address of an interface can be queried given the using the (ARP) for Version 4 or the (NDP) for. In this way, ARP or NDP is used to relate IP addresses ( layer 3) to Ethernet MAC addresses (OSI layer 2). A MAC address is like a social security number which remains unchanged for a person's life time (here, the device), while an IP address is like a postal code which can be changed.

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Main article: According to, the US has a system that tracks the movements of everyone in a city by monitoring the MAC addresses of their electronic devices. As a result of users being trackable by their devices' MAC addresses, has started using random MAC addresses in their line of devices while scanning for networks. Other vendors quickly followed: MAC address randomization during scanning was added in Android starting from version 6.0, Windows 10, and Linux kernel 3.18. The actual implementations of the MAC address randomization technique vary largely in different devices.

Moreover, various flaws and shortcomings in these implementations may allow an attacker to track a device even if its MAC address is changed, for instance its probe requests' other elements, or their timing. If random MAC addresses are not used, researchers have confirmed that it is possible to link a real identity to a particular wireless MAC address. Many network interfaces (including wireless ones) support changing their MAC address. The configuration is specific to the.

On most -like systems, the command may be used to add and remove 'link' (Ethernet MAC family) address aliases. For instance, the 'active' ifconfig directive may then be used on to specify which of the attached addresses to activate. Hence, various configuration scripts and utilities allow to randomize the MAC address at boot or network connection time. Using in -hidden mode (see ), a mobile wireless device may not only disclose its own MAC address when traveling, but even the MAC addresses associated to SSIDs the device has already connected to, if they are configured to send these as part of probe request packets.

Alternative modes to prevent this include configuring access points to be either in beacon-broadcasting mode, or probe-response with SSID mode. In these modes, probe requests may be unnecessary, or sent in broadcast mode without disclosing the identity of previously-known networks. Notational conventions The standard format for printing EUI-48 addresses in human-friendly form is six groups of two digits, separated by hyphens ( -) in transmission order (e.g. This form is also commonly used for EUI-64 (e.g. Other conventions include six groups of two hexadecimal digits separated by colons (:) (e.g. 01:23:45:67:89:AB), and three groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by dots (.) (e.g. 0123.4567.89AB); again in transmission order.

Bit-reversed notation The standard notation, also called canonical format, for MAC addresses is written in transmission order with the least significant bit of each byte transmitted first, and is used in the output of the ifconfig, and commands, for example. However, since (Ethernet) and (Token Bus) send the bytes (octets) over the wire, left-to-right, with least significant bit in each byte first, while (Token Ring) and (FDDI) send the bytes over the wire with the most significant bit first, confusion may arise when an address in the latter scenario is represented with bits reversed from the canonical representation.

For example, an address in canonical form 12-34-56-78-9A-BC would be transmitted over the wire as bits 010110 000101 in the standard transmission order (least significant bit first). But for Token Ring networks, it would be transmitted as bits 000010 011100 in most-significant-bit first order. The latter might be incorrectly displayed as 48-2C-6A-1E-59-3D. This is referred to as bit-reversed order, non-canonical form, MSB format, IBM format, or Token Ring format, as explained in.

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See also., which may spoof another device's MAC address during certain periods. References.